The following Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) glossary intends to assist in clarifying terms used in the CDM Project Design Document (CDM-PDD) and the in the CDM modalities and procedures in order to facilitate the completion of the CDM-PDD by project participants.

Terms in alphabetical order:

Additionality:
The reduction in Greenhouse Gas emissions by sources or removals by sinks that is additional to any that would occur in absence of the CDM Project activity. The Marrakech Accords state that a project activity is additional if anthropogenic emissions of Greenhouse Gases are reduced below those that would have occurred in the absence of the CDM project.

Afforestation:
The direct human-induced conversion of land that has not been forested for a period of at least 50 years to forested land through planting, seeding and/or the human-induced promotion of natural seed sources.

Allocation Statement:
The statement which may be provided by Project Participants to the CDM Executive Board

Allowance:
Kyoto Protocol: Amount of emissions that a country may emit in the commitment period (see also assigned amount, credits, cap, target).
EU Emissions trading directive: one allowance represents the tradable right to emit one tonne of CO2-eq per year by a participant of the emissions trading system.

Annex I:
Kyoto Protocol: For the purpose of differentiating commitments, the Convention contains an Annex, that lists the countries that are considered developed countries (OECD members and countries in Eastern Europe and the (former) Soviet Union), the so-called ‘Annex I countries’. For an overview of Annex I countries see Annex B of this guide.
EU emissions trading Directive: Annex I to the Directive contains a list of categories of activities that are covered by the Directive.

Annex B Countries:
Those countries listed in Annex B to the Kyoto Protocol, being a list of Annex I Countries that have committed to a quantitative emission reduction target under Article 3.1 of the Kyoto Protocol.

Annex I Countries:
Countries that have committed to emission restraints under Article 4.2 (a) and (b) of the UNFCCC as listed in Annex I of the UNFCCC (generally developed countries and countries undergoing the process of transition to a market economy).

Assigned Amount:
Amount of Greenhouse Gases emissions that an Annex
B Party can emit during the Commitment Period taking into account the quantified emission limitations reduction commitments of Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol.

AAU Assigned Amount Unit:
A unit issued pursuant to the relevant provisions on registries in decision – CPM.1 of the Marrakech Accords and is equal to one metric ton of carbon dioxide equivalent.

Baseline:
The scenario that reasonably represents the anthropogenic emissions by sources of Greenhouse Gases that would occur in the absence of the proposed project activity.

Baseline Approach:
A baseline approach is the basis for a baseline methodology. The Executive Board agreed that the three approaches identified in sub-paragraphs 48 (a) to (c) of the CDM modalities and procedures be the only ones applicable to CDM project activities. They are:
- Existing actual or historical emissions, as applicable; or
- Emissions from a technology that represents an economically attractive course of action, taking into account barriers to investment; or
- The average emissions of similar project activities undertaken in the previous five years, in similar social, economic, environmental and technological circumstances, and whose performance is among the top 20 per cent of their category.

Baseline Methodology:
A methodology is an application of an approach as defined in paragraph 48 of the CDM modalities and procedures, to an individual project activity, reflecting aspects such as sector and region. No methodology is excluded a priori so that project participants have the opportunity to propose a methodology. In considering paragraph 48, the Executive Board agreed that, in the two cases below, the following applies:
(a) Case of a new methodology: In developing a baseline methodology, the first step is to identify the most appropriate approach for the project activity and then an applicable methodology;
(b) Case of an approved methodology: In opting for an approved methodology, project participants have implicitly chosen an approach.

CDM:
Clean Development Mechanism – flexible mechanism under Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol with the purpose to (1) assist non-Annex I Parties in achieving sustainable development; (2) contribute to the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC; and (3) assist Parties included in Annex I achieve compliance with their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments.

CDM Executive Board:
The formal governance body established under Article 12 to oversee the implementation and administration of the CDM, under the authority and guidance of the COP/MOP.

CDM Project:
An emission reduction project which is intended to be registered with the CDM Executive Board and ultimately realize the delivery of CERs.

CDM Registry:
Standard electronic database to be established and maintained by the CDM Executive Board which will contain common data elements relevant to the issuance, holding, transfer and acquisition of CERs.

CER Certified Emission Reduction:
A unit issued under the CDM mechanism pursuant to Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol and all other relevant requirements and which is equal to one metric ton of CO2e.

Certification:
The written assurance by the DOE to confirm that, during a specified time period, a CDM Project activity achieved the reductions in Greenhouse Gas emissions as verified.

COP:
Conference of Parties to the UNFCCC, held on a
regular basis to establish the rules to implement the UNFCCC.

COP/MOP:
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting to the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, being the Kyoto Protocol’s supreme body. The sessions of the COP and COP/MOP will be held during the same period.

Crediting Period:
The period for which the CDM Project can generate CERs.

Crediting period – fixed (also fixed crediting period):
“Fixed Crediting Period” is one of two options for determining the length of a crediting period. In the case of this option, the length and starting date of the period is determined once for a project activity with no possibility of renewal or extension once the project activity has been registered. The length of the period can be a maximum of ten years for a proposed CDM project activity. (paragraph 49 (b) of CDM modalities and procedures).

Crediting period – renewable (also renewable crediting period):
“Renewable crediting period” is one of two options for determining the length of a crediting period. In the case of this option, a single crediting period may be of a maximum of seven years. The crediting period may be renewed at most two times (maximum 21 years), provided that, for each renewal, a designated operational entity determines that the original project baseline is still valid or has been updated taking account of new data, where applicable, and informs the Executive Board accordingly (paragraph 49 (a) of the CDM modalities and procedures). The starting date and length of the first crediting period has to be determined before registration.

DNA Designated National Authority:
The national authority for CDM designated by Party to the Protocol.

DOE Designated Operational Entity:
An independent legal entity accredited by CDM Executive Board that can validate proposed CDM Projects and verify and certify Greenhouse Gas emission reductions.

ERU Emission Reduction Unit:
A unit issued under the JI mechanism pursuant to Article 6 and all other relevant Kyoto Protocol requirements and which is equal to one metric ton of carbon dioxide equivalent.

ERPA:
Emission Reduction Purchase Agreement

First Commitment Period:
The period between 2008-2012 during which Annex I countries are required to reduce their emissions of Greenhouse Gases to the levels established in the Kyoto Protocol.

Greenhouse Gas:
One or more of the six gases listed in Annex A to the Kyoto Protocol that trap heat when released into the atmosphere, being carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). They occur through natural and human-induced activities.

Host Country:
The non-Annex I country in which a CDM Project is based.

JI Joint Implementation Mechanism:
Flexible mechanism under Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol with the purposes (1) to assist Annex I Parties in achieving sustainable development and (2) to contribute to the ultimate objective to the UNFCCC and (3) to assist Annex I Parties to achieving compliance with their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments.

Kyoto Protocol:
The Protocol to the UNFCCC signed at the third COP meeting, establishing binding Annex I Greenhouse Gas emission reduction targets of 5.2% below 1990 levels by 2008-2012. For the Kyoto Protocol to enter into force, it must be ratified by 55 parties representing 55% of industrial nations’ Greenhouse Gas emissions.

Leakage:
The net change of anthropogenic emissions by sources of Greenhouse Gases that occurs outside the project boundary and is measurable and attributable to the CDM Project activity.

Letter of Approval:
A letter issued by the Designated National Authority of the Host Country to a CDM Project confirming that the project, as proposed, will assist the Host Country to achieve its goals of sustainable development.

LULUCF:
Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry as defined under the Kyoto Protocol and Marrakech Accords particularly decision 11/CP.7.

Marrakech Accords:
Decisions 2/CP.7 through to Decision 24/CP.7 (inclusive) of the seventh session of the COP/MOP.

Monitoring:
Estimation or measurement of the actual emissions within the project boundary during the crediting period.

Monitoring plan:
Plan that describes the collection and archiving of all relevant data necessary for assessing the level of greenhouse gas emissions from a JI/CDM project during the crediting period.

New entrants:
Any installations carrying out one or more activities listed in Annex I of the EU emissions trading Directive which obtains (an update of ) a greenhouse gas emissions permit after the national allocation plan has been established.

Non-Annex I Countries:
Countries which are not listed in Annex I of the
UNFCCC (generally, developing and least developed countries).

Opt-in:
Unilateral inclusion of additional activities (and possibly gases) in the EU emissions trading system.

Opt-out:
Temporary exclusion of certain installations and activities in 2005-2007 trial period of the EU emissions trading system to be decided by Member States.

ODA:
Official Development Assistance - Annually disbursed
official bilateral government assistance from Annex I to non-Annex I countries.

Operational lifetime:
It is defined as the period during which the CDM project activity is in operation. No crediting period shall end after the end of the operational lifetime (calculated as from starting date)

Organization Identifier:
The Party for which an account within the CDM Registry is maintained, using the two letter country code defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 3166).

Party:
A country that has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.

Permit:
A greenhouse gas emissions permit represents the non-tradable license to emit greenhouse gas emissions, without which participants in the EU emissions trading system are not allowed to emit greenhouse gases.

Pooling:
Forming of a pool of similar activities, in which allowances can be re-allocated among the pool members and one common trustee has the responsibility that the pool attains enough allowances for its combined emissions.

Project Boundary:
The notional boundaries surrounding an actual or proposed CDM Project within which Greenhouse Gas emission impacts and effects are considered and quantified.

Project Design Document:
The document to be prepared and submitted by Project Participants to an accredited DOE for validation of a proposed project activity.

Project Participants:
The legal entity (both public and private entities) that develop and implement CDM Project activities.

PCF:
World Bank’s Prototype Carbon Fund.

Registration:
The formal acceptance by the CDM Executive Board of a validated project as a CDM Project. Registration is the prerequisite for verification, certification and issuance of CERs related to that project.

Reforestation:
The direct human-induced conversion of non-forested land to forested land through planting, seeding and/or the human-induced promotion of natural seed sources, on land that was forested but that has been converted to non-forested land. For the First Commitment Period, reforestation activities will be limited to reforestation occurring on those lands that did not contain forest on 31 December 1989.

RMU:
A Removal Unit (from carbon sequestration by ‘sink’ activities) issued pursuant to the relevant provisions on registries in decision – CMP 1, equal to one metric ton of CO2e.

SBSTA:
The Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice.
Sequestration Removal of carbon from the atmosphere by carbon ‘sinks’, such as forests.

Sinks:
Biological components of the carbon cycle that can sequester CO2, such as forests, soils, oceans, etc. Activities that result in a reduction of the uptake of CO2 by sinks (e.g. deforestation) have to be included in national emission inventories. Activities that enhance the biological sequestration of CO2, e.g. afforrestation can be part of JI/CDM projects (under different rules).

Stakeholders:
Stakeholders mean the public, including individuals, groups or communities affected, or likely to be affected, by the proposed CDM project activity or actions leading to the implementation of such an activity.

Transaction Log:
Under the Marrakech Accords, a transaction log will be established by the secretariat to the UNFCCC to verify the validity of all transactions involving Kyoto Protocol rights including CERs within or between registries (including between a national registry and the CDM registry). The log will cover the issuance, transfer, acquisition, cancellation, retirement or carryover into the next commitment period of any Kyoto Protocol rights.

UNFCCC:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, signed at the ‘Earth Summit’ in Rio de Janeiro in May 1992.

Unilateral CDM:
A Clean Development Mechanism project developed and implemented by a developing country (non-Annex I) party and/or entity.

Validation:
The process of independent evaluation of a project activity by a designated DOE against the requirements of the CDM as set out in the Marrakech Accords on Article 12 and on the basis of the Project Design Document.

Verification:
The periodic independent review and ex post determination by the designated DOE of the monitored reductions in anthropogenic emissions by sources of Greenhouse Gases that have occurred as a result of a registered CDM Project activity during the verification period.

Verified Emission Reduction:
A GHG Reduction from a CDM Project which has been independently verified by an entity such as a Designated Operational Entity.